Robert “King” Carter

Title: Robert

Robert Carter (ca. 1664 — 1732)

Robert Carter, also known as Robert “King” Carter, was a land baron, Speaker of the House of Burgesses (1696–1698), treasurer of the colony (1699–1705), and a member of the governor’s Council (1700–1732). As senior member of the council, he served as president, or acting governor, from 1726 until 1727. Carter, as his nickname attests, was the richest and one of the most powerful Virginians of his day. Virginia-born, he inherited land from his uncle and his elder half-brother and spent much of the rest of his life accumulating more, most of it part of the Northern Neck Proprietary, for which he served as Virginia agent from 1702 until 1711 and from 1722 until 1732. At the time of his death, he held at least 295,000 acres of land, as well as numerous slaves. He also served as an agent for slave traders. Appointed to the Council by Governor Francis Nicholson, Carter nevertheless opposed Nicholson’s, and later Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood’s, policies, designed to assert royal control, sometimes at the expense of the interests of the great planters. Carter died in 1721, leaving a will that filled forty pages.

Early Years

Carter was born around 1664 probably at Corotoman, his father’s Lancaster County estate on the Rappahannock River. He was the son of John Carter (ca. 1613–1670) and the fourth of his five wives, Sarah Ludlow Carter. His immigrant father, a member of the governor’s Council, had prospered in Virginia, and when Carter was orphaned, his elder half brother, John Carter (ca. 1653–1690), was able to educate him as their father’s will directed by sending him to London about 1673 to live for six years with Arthur Bailey, a merchant and family friend. Carter gained a lifelong appreciation for the classics and a thorough knowledge of the English end of the Virginia trade.

After his return to Virginia, Carter most likely lived at Corotoman and enjoyed society. In 1688 he married Judith Armistead, of Gloucester County. Before her death eleven years later they had four daughters and one son, John Carter (d. 1742), for whom Carter later purchased the lucrative office of secretary of the colony. About 1701 Carter married Elizabeth Landon Willis, a wealthy widow who died in July 1719. Their five daughters and five sons included Charles Carter (ca. 1707–1764), who represented King George County in the House of Burgesses for many years, and Landon Carter, who represented Richmond County in the assembly. Carter inherited most of his half brother’s estate following the latter’s death in 1690, and he also managed his niece’s estates and about the same time inherited a younger half brother’s portion.

Public Career

Carter began his public career not long after his elder half brother’s death. He became a vestryman of Christ Church Parish in November 1690 and on June 10, 1691, took his seat as a justice of the peace in Lancaster County. Other influential positions, including commander of the militia of Lancaster and Northumberland counties and naval officer of the Rappahannock River in charge of a customs office, added to his political and financial power. He represented Lancaster County in the House of Burgesses in the spring sessions of 1691 and 1692 and then continuously from 1695 through 1699. Carter quickly assumed a leading role in the assembly. In 1692 he became a member of the Committees for Elections and Privileges and for Examination of Propositions and Grievances, and in 1695 he may have been nominated for Speaker. During that session he chaired the Committee for Propositions and Grievances and presided over the committee of the whole; and in May the assembly appointed him to the committee to revise the laws of the colony. When the assembly convened on September 25, 1696, Carter defeated four other aspirants to win election as Speaker. He presided over the House of Burgesses during that session and the assembly session of October 1697. When the House met next, on September 29, 1698, Carter was almost certainly one of the five candidates for Speaker but was not reelected. The following year the House of Burgesses appointed him treasurer of the colony, with responsibility for the money raised by taxes that the assembly levied and expended under its authority. Carter remained treasurer until 1705.

On December 14, 1699, the Privy Council approved Governor Francis Nicholson’s recommendation that Carter be appointed to the governor’s Council. Carter took the oaths of office on July 10, 1700, and served on the Council until his death. He was as influential as a member of the Council as he had been in the House of Burgesses. With a majority of the councillors Carter opposed Nicholson in 1704, action that led indirectly to the governor’s dismissal; and a decade later, when Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood posed a political threat to the great planters who dominated the General Assembly, Carter joined his fellow Virginians in opposing Spotswood.

After Lieutenant Governor Hugh Drysdale died in the summer of 1726, Carter, who had succeeded the aged and ailing Edmund Jenings as the senior member of the Council, served as president (in effect, acting governor) from August 1 of that year until Lieutenant Governor William Gooch took office in Williamsburg on September 11, 1727. Carter was in poor health for much of that time but regularly presided over Council meetings in Williamsburg. He continued to attend through the adjournment of the General Assembly on July 1, 1732, five weeks before his death.

Accumulation of land was a lifelong passion for Carter. He purchased many properties and acquired others by foreclosing mortgages, but he obtained most of his vast landholdings by taking patents on unsettled lands in the Northern Neck Proprietary, the area between the Rappahannock and Potomac rivers extending to their headwaters. As Virginia agent for the proprietors from about 1702 until 1711 and from 1722 until 1732, Carter used his position to have his surveyors find the best land for him to patent in his own or his children’s names. At the time of his death, Carter held at least 295,000 acres of land and many other tracts of unknown size. Slaves working under the supervision of overseers provided the labor on his plantations, and senior overseers with responsibility for several farms managed those overseers. Carter was a capable and diligent administrator. He visited his properties frequently and forcefully communicated his directions to his overseers and managers. The chief cash crop was tobacco, but he also produced beans, cattle, corn, fruits, hogs, and wheat to sustain his family, servants, and slaves and occasionally for sale. Carter also earned money from such enterprises as rental of the sloops and flatboats that he owned and for acting as an agent for slave traders. He invested his earnings shrewdly both in England and Virginia and became the richest man in the colony.

Later Years

Carter traveled regularly to Williamsburg on Council business or to attend the board meetings of the College of William and Mary. He lived well at Corotoman and about 1725 built the largest house in the colony there, only to see it burn four years later. Carter’s chief affliction was gout, and he recorded his suffering in the diary he kept for several years in the 1720s, also noting in it his reading, visitors, meals, and expenses while away from home. He was a devout member of the Church of England and late in life began construction of a splendid new brick church for Christ Church Parish. Carter’s political power, great wealth, large ambitions, and imperious bearing earned him the nickname of “King” from his contemporaries. Many of his ten children who lived to adulthood married into other wealthy and distinguished Virginia families, adding to the family’s wealth as well as to its political importance.

Suffering from poor health, Carter prepared his will in August 1726 and added four long codicils during the next four years. The final text contained more than 18,000 words and filled forty sheets of paper. Carter provided large landed estates for his sons and generous bequests for his daughters and grandchildren. So wealthy had he been that even after the legacies were paid and the estate settled, the division of his estate among his surviving sons made all of them among the wealthiest men in Virginia. Carter died at Corotoman on August 4, 1732, and was buried at Christ Church in Lancaster County.

 

Marriages:

1.   Judith Armistead of Hesse, Gloucester County–Married 1688. Died 1699. Mother of five children

2.   Betty Landon (widow Willis)–Married 1701. Died 1719. Mother of ten children

Children:

By his first wife, Judith Armistead Carter (1665-1699)

1. Sarah–ca. 1690. Died in infancy before her mother and buried near her at Christ Church

2. Elizabeth–born ca. 1692-1734. Married 1) 1709 Nathaniel Burwell (1680-1721) of Fairfield, Gloucester County 2) 1724 Dr. George Nicholas (1695-1734) of Williamsburg

3. Judith–ca. 1694. Died in infancy before her mother and buried near her at Christ Church

4.  Judith–1695-1750. Married 1718 Mann Page I (1691-1730) of Rosewell, Gloucester County

5.  John–1696-1742. Secretary of Virginia Colony. Married 1723 Elizabeth Hill (ca. 1708-1771) of Shirley, Charles City County

By his second wife, Betty Landon (Widow Willis) Carter (1683/84-1719)

1.    Anne–1702-1743. Married 1722 Benjamin Harrison IV (1695-1745) of Berkeley, Charles City County

2.    Robert–1704-1732. Married 1725. Priscilla Churchill (1705-1757) of Bushy Park, Middlesex County

3.    Sarah–ca. 1704-05. Died before her mother and buried near her at Christ Church

4.    Betty–ca. 1705-06. Died before her mother and buried near her at Christ Church

5.    b–1707-1764. Married 1) 1728 Mary Walker (?-1742) 2) 1742 Anne Byrd (1725-1757) of Westover, Charles City County 3) 1762 Lucy Taliaferro

6.    Ludlow–ca. 1709. Died before his mother and is buried near her at  Christ Church

7.    Landon–1710-1778. Married 1) 1732 Elizabeth Wormeley (1713-1740) of Rosegill, Middlesex County 2) 1742 Maria Byrd (1727-1744) of Westover, Charles City County 3) 1746 Elizabeth Beale

8.    Mary–1712-1736. Married 1732 George Braxton II (ca. 1705-1749) of Newington, King & Queen County

9.    Lucy–1715-1763. 1) 1730 Henry Fitzhugh (1706-07-1742) of Eagle’s Nest, King George County 2) 1748 Nathaniel Harrison II (1713-1791) of Brandon, Prince George County

10. George–1718-1742. Died unmarried in England. Buried in the churchyard at Middle Temple

Time Line
Berkeley, Edmund, Jr. “Carter, Robert.” In the Dictionary of Virginia Biography, Vol. 3, edited by John T. Kneebone, J. Jefferson Looney, Brent Tarter, and Sandra Gioia Treadway, 84–86. Richmond: Library of Virginia, 2006.

ca. 1664 – Robert “King” Carter is born, probably at Corotoman, his father’s Lancaster County estate on the Rappahannock River. He is the son of John Carter and Sarah Ludlow Carter.

1669- Father John dies. Leaves Robert 1,000 acres on eastern branch of Corotoman River

ca. 1673 – Robert “King” Carter travels from Virginia to London, where he lives for six years with Arthur Bailey, a merchant and family friend. He gains a lifelong appreciation for the classics and a thorough knowledge of the English end of the Virginia trade.

1688 – Robert “King” Carter marries Judith Armistead, of Gloucester County. The couple will have four daughters and one son.

1690 – John Carter dies and leaves much of his estate to his younger half-brother, Robert “King” Carter by terms of his father John’s will, inherits the Corotoman estate (6,160 acres and housing)

November 1690 – Robert “King” Carter becomes a vestryman of Christ Church Parish.

Spring 1691 – Robert “King” Carter represents Lancaster County in the spring session of the House of Burgesses.

June 10, 1691 – Robert “King” Carter takes his seat as a justice of the peace in Lancaster County.

Spring 1692 – Robert “King” Carter represents Lancaster County in the spring session of the House of Burgesses.

1695–1699 – Robert “King” Carter represents Lancaster County in the House of Burgesses.

September 25, 1696 – Robert “King” Carter is elected Speaker of the House of Burgesses.

October 1697 – Robert “King” Carter presides over the House of Burgesses as Speaker.

September 29, 1698 – Robert “King” Carter, almost certainly one of the five candidates for Speaker of the House of Burgesses, is not reelected.

1699–1705 – Appointed by the House of Burgesses, Robert “King” Carter serves as treasurer of the colony.

1699 – Judith Armistead Carter, wife of Robert “King” Carter, dies at age 34. Appointed Treasurer of Virginia; appointed Colonel and Commander-in-Chief of militia in Lancaster and Northumberland Counties; appointed Naval Officer of Rappahannock River

December 14, 1699 – The Privy Council approves Governor Francis Nicholson’s recommendation that Robert “King” Carter be appointed to the governor’s Council.

July 10, 1700 – Robert “King” Carter takes the oaths of office and is sworn in as a member of the governor’s Council. He will serve until his death in 1732.

ca. 1701 – Robert “King” Carter marries his second wife, Elizabeth Landon Willis, wealthy widow of Richard Willis. They will have five daughters and five sons.

1702–1711 – Robert “King” Carter serves as Virginia agent for Lord Fairfax’s Northern Neck Proprietary, the area between the Rappahannock and Potomac rivers extending to their headwaters which he served, with an interval of nine years (1712 – 1721), until his death.

1715-1725– Robert “King” Carter builds the largest house in the colony at Corotoman,  which was finished in 1725

1716         On Board of Visitors at the College of William & Mary until his death

July 1719 – Elizabeth Landon Willis, the second wife of Robert “King” Carter, dies.

1722–1732 – Robert “King” Carter serves as Virginia agent for the Northern Neck Proprietary, the area between the Rappahannock and Potomac rivers extending to their headwaters.

August 1726 – Robert “King” Carter prepares his will, adding four long codicils during the next four years. The final text contains more than 18,000 words and fills forty sheets of paper.

August 1, 1726 – Following the death of Lieutenant Governor Hugh Drysdale, Robert “King” Carter, as senior member of the governor’s Council, serves as president, or acting governor, of the colony.

September 11, 1727 – Lieutenant Governor William Gooch takes office in Williamsburg.

1729 – Robert “King” Carter ‘s house at Corotoman, the largest in the colony, burns.

1730         Proposes to vestry to build a new brick church at his own expense; vestry accepts this proposal

August 4, 1732 – Robert “King” Carter dies at Corotoman, and is buried at Christ Church in Lancaster County.

 

Further  Reading

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ROBERT “KING” CARTER’S SLAVES COMPILED FROM THE 1733 INVENTORY OF HIS ESTATE  http://carter.lib.virginia.edu/html/C33slaves.html

Genealogy: http://www.ourfamtree.org/browse.cfm/Robert-King-Carter/f91902

Evans, Emory G. A “Topping” People: The Rise and Decline of Virginia’s Old Elite, 1680–1790. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2009.
Portions Contributed by:the Dictionary of Virginia Biography, a publication of the Library of Virginia.
Historic Christ Church website http://www.christchurch1735.org/history/robert_carter.html

APA Citation:

The Dictionary of Virginia Biography (2012, January 18). Robert Carter (ca. 1664–1732). Retrieved April 24, 2012, from Encyclopedia Virginia: http://www.EncyclopediaVirginia.org/Carter_Robert_ca_1664-1732.

MLA Citation:

The Dictionary of Virginia Biography. “Robert Carter (ca. 1664–1732).” Encyclopedia Virginia. Ed. Brendan Wolfe. 24 Apr. 2012. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities. 18 Jan. 2012 http://www.EncyclopediaVirginia.org/Carter_Robert_ca_1664-1732.